- Sagittarius A*, the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, briefly woke about 200 years ago to feed, then returned to dormancy.
- NASA's IXPE observatory detected an x-ray echo that traces the past outburst directly back to Sgr A*.
- The feeding episode lasted months to a year and made the black hole at least a million times brighter than today.
- Nearby galactic molecular clouds surged in x-ray light, acting as echoes and revealing the timing and intensity of the outburst.
- Cause remains unclear; possibly a star or gas cloud fell in. Continued IXPE observations aim to clarify supermassive black hole origins.
The supermassive black hole lurking at the centre of our Milky Way galaxy is not as dormant as had been thought, a new study shows.
The slumbering giant woke up around 200 years ago to gobble up some nearby cosmic objects before going back to sleep, according to the study published in the journal Nature on Wednesday.
NASA’s IXPE space observatory spotted an x-ray echo of this powerful resurgence of activity, the researchers said.
The supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* — abbreviated to Sgr A* — is four million times more massive than the Sun. It sits 27,000 light years from Earth at the centre of the Milky Way’s spiral.
Last year astronomers revealed the first-ever image of the black hole — or rather, the glowing ring of gas that surrounds its blackness.
Sgr A* has “always been seen as a dormant black hole,” said Frederic Marin, a researcher at France’s Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory and the study’s first author.
Most supermassive black holes squatting at the middle of their galaxies go dormant after swallowing up all the nearby matter.
“Imagine a bear going into hibernation after devouring everything around it,” Marin told AFP.
But the international team of researchers discovered that at around the end of the 19th century, Sgr A* came out of its slumber and consumed any gas and dust unlucky enough to be within its reach.
The feeding frenzy lasted from several months to a year, before the beast went back into hibernation.
When it was active, the black hole was “at least a million times brighter than it is today,” Marin said.
Its awakening was noticable because nearby galactic molecular clouds started giving off vastly more x-ray light.
The surge in x-ray light was as “if a single glow-worm hidden in a forest suddenly became as bright as the Sun,” French research agency CNRS said in a statement.
Astronomers using NASA‘s IXPE (Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer) space observatory managed to track the x-ray light and found that it pointed straight back at Sgr A*.
The black hole “emitted an echo of its past activity, which we managed to observe for the first time,” Marin said.
The pull of gravity from black holes is so intense that nothing can escape, including light.
But when matter is sucked beyond the black hole’s final boundary, known as the event horizon, it emits a massive amount of heat and light before disappearing into the darkness.
Exactly what caused Sgr A* to briefly emerge from its dormant state remains unclear. Could a star or cloud of gas and dust have ventured too close?
The astronomers hope that further observations from the IXPE observatory will help them better understand what happened — and perhaps reveal more about the origin of supermassive black holes, which remains shrouded in mystery.
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